슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumping refers to introducing energy into a 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 system to produce a population inversion, where there are more atoms or molecules in an excited state than in the ground state. This increases the probability of stimulated emission of light and enables lasing to occur.

슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 It Up

Depending on the 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 type, pumping can be achieved through various methods, including optical pumping, electrical pumping, and chemical pumping. Regardless of the pumping method used, the key to achieving 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 action is to produce a population inversion in the gain medium. That’s because 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 action is based on a process first described by Einstein called stimulated emission. This occurs when an excited atom or molecule in the gain medium is stimulated by an incoming photon to emit a second photon of the same wavelength and phase.

This amplification process results in coherent light that is in phase and has a single wavelength and direction. However, the probability of the excited particle undergoing stimulated emission depends very strongly on how many excited particles there are. So you need more of these in the excited state than the ground state. Otherwise, other mechanisms will dominate and the pumped energy is lost instead as heat or random light (spontaneous emission). The crossover point is sometimes called the 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 threshold.

Let’s take a look at how this works in the most common types of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s.

슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 types are usually categorized by their choice of gain medium. This is the material that actually converts the pump energy into 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light. The gain medium may be a solid-state crystal or glass, a semiconductor chip, a gas plasma, or a liquid.

 

Optical Pumping Solid State 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

In optical 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저, the excitation light must have a wavelength that matches the absorption spectrum of the gain medium. When the gain medium absorbs the excitation light, its electrons are promoted to higher energy levels, resulting in a population inversion.

Optical pumping is the most common method of pumping solid-state 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s where the gain medium is a piece of glass or crystal. For many years the excitation light was provided by intense flashlamps, which are high-intensity light sources that emit short bursts of light. Flashlamps typically emit intense white light, which is then focused onto the gain medium. The first ever 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 was a solid-state 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 of this type: a ruby 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumped by a flashlamp.

 

Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

Unfortunately, flashlamps produce light across a broad spectrum of wavelengths, but a solid-state gain medium usually only absorbs at one or more very specific wavelengths. So most of the energy from the flashlamps ends up as heat. This requires active water cooling. It also limits the ability to adjust the 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 power without spoiling the quality of the output beam because of a problem called thermal lensing.

A solution that reduced this heating problem was found by replacing the flashlamps with diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, semiconductor chips that are electrically pumped – see below. The diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s are designed to produce light only at the wavelength where the solid-state gain medium is known to absorb light. This type of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 is not surprisingly called a .

 

Optical Pumping of Other 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

In a dye 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저, the gain medium is in a liquid form: a solvent containing a fluorescent dye. These 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s are optically pumped, sometimes by another 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저, sometimes by flashlamps. Always a minor technology, dye 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s were previously used in scientific research because of their wavelength tunability. But today most applications needing wavelength tuning have moved to solid-state alternatives based on titanium: sapphire (Ti:S) or ytterbium gain media. However, pulsed dye 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s pumped by flashlamps are occasionally used in a handful of niche applications such as lithotripsy.

Titanium: sapphire 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저sare solid-state 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s where the gain medium is a sapphire crystal doped with titanium ions. These 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s are optically pumped by some type of green 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저. They are widely used in science because their broad wavelength range 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s supports applications needing simple tunability, such asfluorescent microscopyandflow cytometry. It also enables pulsed operation with pulses as short asa few femtoseconds, using a method called mode-locking.

Other 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s use optical pumping by diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, including ytterbium-doped glass and ytterbium-doped fiber, as well as 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s based on fibers doped with other rare earth metals.

 

Electrical Pumping of Gas 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

Electrical pumping is another method of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumping; it involves passing an electric current through the gain medium to excite the atoms or molecules. This is the pumping mechanism used in virtually all gas 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, where the flow of electricity through a low-pressure gas creates a plasma.

Electrical 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 is used to powerexcimer 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s. These are powerful gas 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s that emit pulses of deep UV 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light with very high pulse energies. The unique performance regime of excimer 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s is key to several critical processes in the manufacturing ofhigh-performance disp슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저ys, including those based on OLED and the latest micro-OLED technologies. Excimer 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s are also used inrefractive ophthalmic procedures(e.g., LASIK) used to correct vision issues. In addition, they are becoming established as workhorse 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s sources in many emerging pulsed 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 deposition (PLD) applications.

Continuous-wave (CW) gas 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s such asargon ion 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저sand helium-neon 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s were standout examples that relied on electrical pumping and at one time dominated 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 applications needing visible wavelengths. While they produced a high-quality beam, their limited wavelength choices, and extremely low electrical efficiency meant that they are only niche products today. Their former applications are often now serviced by semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, DPSS 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, or optically-pumped semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s (OPSLs) – see below.

 

Electrical Pumping of Semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

Electrical pumping is commonly used in diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, which are often also called semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, where a p-n junction is used to create a population inversion. A p-n junction is a boundary between two types of semiconductors, where the p-type semiconductor has an excess of positively charged holes, and the n-type semiconductor has an excess of negatively charged electrons. When a voltage is applied across the p-n junction, electrons and holes are injected into the semiconductor, creating a population inversion and resulting in 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light.

The small size and relatively low cost of diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s mean that today they are by far the most common 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 type using electrical pumping. And the diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s themselves are then widely used topump other 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 types. High-power diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저sare also directly used in applications such as p슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저stic welding and metal c슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저dding/hardening.

 

Optically Pumped Semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s

This brings us to an important and unique type of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 called the optically pumped semiconductor 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저, or OPSL. This 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 includes a special type of semiconductor chip that is pumped not by electricity, but by the light from one or more diode 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s. The OPSL has several unique advantages. Its semiconductor details can be designed for any specific wavelength across a wide part of the near-infrared spectrum. The near-IR wavelength can then be frequency-doubled to a visible or even frequency-tripled to deliver UV output, giving models at an unmatched choice of wavelengths. Just as important, the output power can be scaled from a few milliwatts to as much as 20 watts.

Examples of OPSLs include theVerdi, Sapphire, Genesis, andOBISfamilies of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s from Coherent. These 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s are widely used in life sciences, particularly for flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. OPSLs are also used in spectacular multi-color슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light showsbecause they enable a broader palette of colors than any other 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 type.

 

Chemical 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저

Chemical pumping is a rarely used method of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumping, and it involves using a chemical reaction to produce a population inversion in the gain medium. Chemical pumping is used in very specialized gas 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저s, where a chemical reaction is used to excite the atoms or molecules in the gas. The most common chemical pumping method is the combustion of hydrogen and fluorine gas in a chemical 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저, which results in a population inversion and 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light.

 

Summary

In conclusion, 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumping is a critical process for the production of coherent, high-intensity light in 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 systems. Whether achieved through optical, electrical, or chemical means, the key to 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 pumping is the production of a population inversion in the gain medium, which allows for stimulated emission and the production of 슬롯사이트 볼트 메이저 light.