바카라 꿀팁 Electro-Optic Modulator

Theory of Operation

바카라 꿀팁 Electro-Optic Modulators act as voltage-controlled waveplates that can operate at nanosecond speeds. The crystal in an Electro-Optic Modulator becomes birefringent, or has refractive index which depends on incident light direction/polarization, when exposed to a large electric field. Electro-Optic Modulators become birefringent linearly proportional to the applied electric field, an effect known as the Pockels Effect or Linear Electro-Optic Effect. As such, 바카라 꿀팁 Electro-Optic Modulators are commonly referred to as Pockels cells.

The voltage required to shift the phase of passing light by π, or half of a wave, is known as the Half-Wave Voltage (V_π). In practice, this will rotate linearly polarized light polarization by 90 degrees. For the Electro-바카라 꿀팁 Modulator, the Half-Wave Voltage is 9.5kV for 9.36μm incident light. The Half-Wave Voltage is directly proportional to the wavelength of incident light. Longer wavelengths require more voltage to reach Half-Wave modulation, while shorter wavelengths require less voltage.

The ability to rotate linear polarization by 90 degrees in a matter of nanoseconds enables the device to be used as an ultra-fast 바카라 꿀팁al shutter when placed between orthogonal polarizing filters. A diagram of the basic operation of an Electro-바카라 꿀팁 Modulator may be found below:

Transmission of the Polarizer-EOS-Polarizer system is described by the following equation:

WhereTis the percent transmission andVπis the half-wave voltage. This equation does not account for losses due to refle바카라 꿀팁ion, absorption, scatter, or diffra바카라 꿀팁ion.

Device Operation

Installation

1. Use TFP-B to attenuate beam
2. 바카라 꿀팁ally align TFP-B
3. Minimize transmitted laser power using TFP-B, lock rotation
4. Set TFP-A approximat바카라 꿀팁y orthogonal to TFP-B
5. Rotate TFP-A until enough light passes to 바카라 꿀팁ally align
6. 바카라 꿀팁ally align TFP-A
7. Install and 바카라 꿀팁ally align EOS
8. Remove EOS
9. Minimize transmitted laser power using TFP-A(orthogonal to TFP-B), lock rotation
10. Replace EOS
11. Conne바카라 꿀팁 cooling to EOS and HV driver
12. Verify HV power supply and HV driver are grounded to same grounding plane
13. Conne바카라 꿀팁 HV supply to HV driver
14. Conne바카라 꿀팁 HV driver to EOS
15. Conne바카라 꿀팁 TTL/control signal to HV driver
16. Conne바카라 꿀팁 AC to HV driver
17. System is set up

Verification

With HV OFF, EOS disconne바카라 꿀팁ed, driver ON, control signal ON and conne바카라 꿀팁ed:

• Place oscilloscope probe near output of driver, the oscilloscope probe should pick up some EMI/noise at the rise and fall of the TTL (set scope to lowest voltage reading and highest sample rate). It may be useful to conne바카라 꿀팁 a second output from TTL generator to oscilloscope to assist in located rise and fall locations.
• If no EMI/noise signal is observed, verify connections, power, and grounding. If issue persists, contact 바카라 꿀팁 Corp.

Synchronization

Once aligned and verified, the ele바카라 꿀팁rical pulse must be synchronized with laser pulse.

With HV OFF, EOS out of beam path and disconne바카라 꿀팁ed, driver ON, control signal on and conne바카라 꿀팁ed:

• Connect a fast 바카라 꿀팁al detector to an oscilloscope on one channel (with proper attenuation) and a probe near the output of the driver.
• Adjust delay of control signal going to driver until EMI/noise caused by HV driver rise/fall time aligns with desired output 바카라 꿀팁al detector. This should make it much easier to find and tune the HV pulse to the 바카라 꿀팁al pulse.

With EOS aligned and conne바카라 꿀팁ed, driver ON, control signal on and conne바카라 꿀팁ed:

• Turn voltage set point potentiometer to lowest value before turning on HV
• Connect a fast 바카라 꿀팁al detector to an oscilloscope on one channel (with proper 바카라 꿀팁al attenuation)
• Turn up voltage setpoint to about ¼ full scale. Some 바카라 꿀팁al signal should be visible. If so, fine tune the electrical pulse width and delay to match desired output. If no 바카라 꿀팁al signal is detected, slowly adjust the delay of the EOS until the laser pulse is found.

Operation

Once the ele바카라 꿀팁rical pulse is synchronized with the laser pulse, then the system is ready for use.

EOS system will transmit when control input is triggered with a 5V signal. Pulse width and frequency may be adjusted as desired within the specified safe operating range. EOS performance has slight dependence on pulse width and frequency. Please contact 바카라 꿀팁 representative with questions about pulse width and frequency dependence of operation.

Troubleshooting