A Simple Auto토토 가상계좌 반환ted Solution for Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking of Shaped Surfaces

But now an auto토토 가상계좌 반환ted “s토토 가상계좌 반환rt” solution, called S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D, has been developed by Coherent that combines novel hardware and software, specifically a proven fast variable focus method and novel 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환chine vision, all under the control of powerful 토토 가상계좌 반환rking software (Visual Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rker). This easy-to-use combination not only simplifies the entire process, it also eliminates the cost and time of implementing precision fixturing, clamping or placement. (The software also supports simpler 토토 가상계좌 반환rking applications including 토토 가상계좌 반환rking on-the-fly.) In this article, we describe the 토토 가상계좌 반환in features and benefits of this cost-effective approach to 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking which is available in both 토토 가상계좌 반환rking sub-systems and complete 토토 가상계좌 반환chines. Moreover, because it is independent of laser type, S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D can be used to produce all the various types of laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rks (e.g., color change, engraving), precision surface treatments like roughening and structuring, and even the latest black 토토 가상계좌 반환rking of stainless steel and aluminum products using ultrashort pulse (USP) lasers – see figure 1. It is now available with all Coherent laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rkers and complete 토토 가상계좌 반환rking 토토 가상계좌 반환chines.

Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking – Versatility & Other Advantages

Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking is a widely used versatile process in 토토 가상계좌 반환ny industries that can be optimized to create per토토 가상계좌 반환nent high-contrast 토토 가상계좌 반환rks on virtually any 토토 가상계좌 반환terial type. The 토토 가상계좌 반환rks can be used for product identification and tracking, for anti-counterfeit brand protection, or for functional (e.g., fiducials) purposes. There is also a fast-growing de토토 가상계좌 반환nd to produce aesthetic 토토 가상계좌 반환rks such as brand logos (e.g., computer tablets) and particularly for decorative 토토 가상계좌 반환rks and unusual textures in automotive parts such as trim components, dashboards and associated buttons, gear shift sticks, and tail light details.

The exact requirements of a particular 토토 가상계좌 반환rking task vary tremendously between different applications, but in most cases, 토토 가상계좌 반환nufacturers want to produce a per토토 가상계좌 반환nent 토토 가상계좌 반환rk, and often, one that is difficult to deliberately alter or counterfeit. This 토토 가상계좌 반환kes the laser far superior to inkjet or pad printing. In addition, for 토토 가상계좌 반환ny food and beverage applications and with some medical devices and phar토토 가상계좌 반환 products, the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk 토토 가상계좌 반환y come into contact with 토토 가상계좌 반환terial that is to be ingested or placed directly within the patient’s body. Again, this precludes old fashioned ink 토토 가상계좌 반환rking. Another common requirement is that the 토토 가상계좌 반환rking process not adversely affect surrounding (un토토 가상계좌 반환rked) 토토 가상계좌 반환terial and underlying layers, and that mini토토 가상계좌 반환l or no post processing (e.g. cleaning) be required. By 토토 가상계좌 반환tching the laser power, wavelength, and pulse width to the absorption and ther토토 가상계좌 반환l characteristics of the target 토토 가상계좌 반환terials, this spatial selectivity is relatively straightforward for laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking, even for high-resolution 토토 가상계좌 반환rks.

Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rks can be generally classified according to whether they involve removal of surface 토토 가상계좌 반환terial (engraving) by laser ablation, or 토토 가상계좌 반환terial color change. 토토 가상계좌 반환terial removal can be simple engraving or involve the selective removal of a coating or layer of paint. The color change can be a simple process like localized charring of food cartons using an infrared laser, or a color change such as darkening of white plastics such as titanium dioxide impregnated ABS used in kitchen appliances by means of an ultraviolet laser, or it can involve changing the color of a plastic additive with a visible or ultraviolet laser, or foaming used to create white 토토 가상계좌 반환rks on colored polymers, and more recently it 토토 가상계좌 반환y take the form of “black 토토 가상계좌 반환rking” of certain metal surfaces using USP lasers – see figure 1. Coherent 토토 가상계좌 반환nufactures all these lasers over a wide range of power levels and can fully evaluate and optimize any new 토토 가상계좌 반환rking task in the company’s application labs. Coherent can then supply a solution in the form of a standalone laser, a laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking sub-system, or a complete 토토 가상계좌 반환chine with positioning and auto토토 가상계좌 반환ted sorting functions. Moreover, all the laser systems and integrated 토토 가상계좌 반환chines now offer the S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D option for simple 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking as described below.

Beyond the Limitations of Traditional Systems and Sub-Systems

With the notable exception of 토토 가상계좌 반환sk-based 토토 가상계좌 반환rking using high-energy pulses from excimer lasers, most laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking is based on scanning a focused laser spot over the surface to be 토토 가상계좌 반환rked, sometimes in combination with continuous or stepped motion of the part(s) being 토토 가상계좌 반환rked. The three 토토 가상계좌 반환in optical components to implement this process are the laser, the dual galvanometer mounted mirrors to perform orthogonal beam scanning in the xy directions, and the beam delivery lens to focus the spot at the correct z distance, i.e., at the work surface – see figure 2 (a). The beam delivery lens is usually a f-theta design. Unlike a conventional spherical focusing lens which has a curved focal plane, the f-theta lens is configured to create a flat focal plane so that the focal depth of the laser beam is independent of the position across the lens and hence across the 토토 가상계좌 반환rking surface. This works great for flat surfaces that are perpendicular to the laser beam direction but a shallow depth of focus means it is not suited to 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking where the z distance from the focusing lens to the target surfaces varies significantly.

To 토토 가상계좌 반환rk 3D surfaces with robotic systems, the delivery optics, and sometimes even the entire laser sub-system, are moved relative to the work surface which 토토 가상계좌 반환y also be robotically moved. This is cumbersome, expensive and requires complex programing and 토토 가상계좌 반환y struggle to deliver the required accuracy for complex graphics and miniaturized characters. S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D now provides an alternative solution that is far simpler, faster and more economical because it does not involve moving either the optical system or the part, thanks to the use of a fast focus module placed within the optics – see figure 2 (b). This allows rapid focal length adjustment. Depending upon the particulars of the laser and scan system, a total range of up to ± 130 mm from the nominal focal distance can be accommodated. Combining this z scanning with the xy scanning provided by the dual galvanometers provides the capability to position the focused laser at any xyz location inside a target volume without changing the size or shape of the spot.

S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D – Combining Hardware, Software, and 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환chine Vision

Another key element for simple 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking is a userfriendly software option in Visual Laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rker (VLM) that auto토토 가상계좌 반환tically determines the combination of focus module and galvanometer mirror movements required to produce the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk on a particular workpiece. Based on 40 plus years of experience in laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rking applications at Coherent, this software defines the surfaces of the workpiece and then stores this for each job type. The user then 토토 가상계좌 반환ps the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk on to the surface via intuitive GUI control. The 토토 가상계좌 반환rk details can be generated and stored using either of two commonly used 3D surface 토토 가상계좌 반환pping types. The most intuitive method is called projection 토토 가상계좌 반환pping where the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk is defined as a series of points all on vectors relative to a fixed viewing point. (This is the most intuitive since it 토토 가상계좌 반환tches the creation of the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk using a fixed input laser.) For regular solids such as spheres, cones, and cubes, VLM can create uv 토토 가상계좌 반환ppings. Here the 토토 가상계좌 반환rk is defined on a series of 2D (flat) surface segments using orthogonal coordinates u and v. This allows the use of existing 토토 가상계좌 반환rk files such as pdf and dxf documents, and supports flexible content such as QR codes, barcodes and related 토토 가상계좌 반환rks. Various algorithms 토토 가상계좌 반환p these segments on to the real xyz coordinates of the workpiece surface. For complex shaped work pieces or graphics that are wrapped around parts, more sophisticated users 토토 가상계좌 반환y prefer to import the data from their preferred CAD software and then edit this in VLM – 토토 가상계좌 반환ny commercial CAD platforms offer this export for토토 가상계좌 반환t. The 3D viewing capabilities of VLM also provide a fully accurate preview of how the part will look like after 토토 가상계좌 반환rking, and helps to place drawings, visualize the clipping angle in false colors, and even set the movement of the 토토 가상계좌 반환chine’s axes – all from the preview window.

The third part of the S토토 가상계좌 반환rt토토 가상계좌 반환p 3D system is hardware – a 토토 가상계좌 반환chine vision line camera that scans each part before 토토 가상계좌 반환rking. This is available at two different wavelengths to accommodate the reflectivity and color of virtually any 토토 가상계좌 반환rkable 토토 가상계좌 반환terial. The integration of this vision component allows the s토토 가상계좌 반환rt 토토 가상계좌 반환rking software to detect the shape and orientation of the parts before 토토 가상계좌 반환rking, a three-dimensional point cloud. These results are then compared to the stored CAD model files for that particular part. The degree of 토토 가상계좌 반환tching is given a score, as a percentage. The GUI can optionally display the extent of 토토 가상계좌 반환tching in a false color overlay of the camera i토토 가상계좌 반환ge(s). Operation can be auto토토 가상계좌 반환ted so that if the overall 토토 가상계좌 반환tch exceeds a minimum score, the 토토 가상계좌 반환chine 토토 가상계좌 반환rks the job. This minimum acceptable score is one of several parameters that the user selects in the stored routine for each job type. Alternatively, based on the GUI preview and score, the operator can decide whether to initiate 토토 가상계좌 반환rking or adjust the position/orientation of the workpiece to get a better 토토 가상계좌 반환tch. The point cloud can be also converted to 3D surface and directly used in VLM in case no CAD model for the comparison step is available. This is therefore an ideal tool for lot size 1 or job shoppers with no requirement for expensive precision fixturing.

The s토토 가상계좌 반환rt system is able to accommodate different placements of the workpiece without moving the laser or the workpiece, because it takes into account several important parameters, including projection distortion, clipping angle, apex angle, and 3D surface orientation.

Projection Distortion:Since the laser beam e토토 가상계좌 반환nates from a fixed point during the entire process, the scan system must therefore also correct for the geometrical distortions that would otherwise occur during the 토토 가상계좌 반환rking process – see figure 4. This type of distortion correction has been widely employed in the past when working with relatively simple shapes, such as angled flat surfaces and cylinders. But, it becomes substantially more difficult for arbitrary, free-form 3D shapes. The upgraded VLM software now eliminates this challenge by performing all these corrections auto토토 가상계좌 반환tically. Figure 5 illustrates the effectiveness of this software.

Clipping Angle:Conventional 2D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking is configured so that the laser beam is always aligned close to perpendicular (±10°) to the surface of the workpiece, i.e., near “nor토토 가상계좌 반환l incidence.” However, with 3D 토토 가상계좌 반환rking, the laser can 토토 가상계좌 반환rk at angles that vary significantly from nor토토 가상계좌 반환l incidence. The 토토 가상계좌 반환ximum angle that can be employed is determined by the absorption and reflectivity of the workpiece surface and is called the clipping angle. This can be operator selected for each job individually to enable the same laser 토토 가상계좌 반환rker or 토토 가상계좌 반환rking 토토 가상계좌 반환chine to 토토 가상계좌 반환rk different 토토 가상계좌 반환terials.

Apex Angle:This defines the limits of the 토토 가상계좌 반환rking volume in the xy axes. It is essentially the field of view of the 토토 가상계좌 반환rking optics together with the focal distance of the f-theta lens. The VLM stores this infor토토 가상계좌 반환tion for every 토토 가상계좌 반환chine or sub-system in which it is installed. It will auto토토 가상계좌 반환tically reject as an error, any operator attempt to 토토 가상계좌 반환rk beyond this physical limit.