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Atmospheric Rese메이저카지노사이트ch at Top of Germany: Zugspitze Mountain
Figure 1.Schneefernerhaus rese메이저카지노사이트ch station on the southern face of Zugspitze (2680 m). Photo credit Hannes Vogelmann.
Modified UV 메이저카지노사이트 System Enables Remote Raman Sensing
The important goal of quantitative lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor with lidar even above 10 km requires high-power ultraviolet 메이저카지노사이트s to extend the operating range by Raman backscattering of the 메이저카지노사이트 pulses. Researchers of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany, modified a 350 watt industrial XeCl excimer 메이저카지노사이트 from Coherent and combined it with larger signal collection optics to increase system S/N by a factor of about 40 compared to existing Nd:YAG-based Raman-lidar instruments. From a laboratory at 2675 m in the Schneefernerhaus observation station (UFS) on Mount Zugspitze (2962 m) in Germany they now quantitatively measure water vapor to altitudes as high as 20 km with a 10X reduction in data acquisition times.
Water vapor is a key atmospheric component with a distribution that is highly inhomogeneous and dynamic. To understand better and to predict weather events and climate change, the scientists need to measure water vapor distributions almost in real time which suggest the use of lidar methods. The measurements must imply the climate-relevant upper troposphere (to about 12 km altitude) and the adjacent lower stratosphere. These requirements mean a considerable challenge for both the 메이저카지노사이트 source and the detection system for the backscattered radiation.
"The scientists need to measure water vapor distributions almost in real time which suggest the use of lid메이저카지노사이트 methods."
There are various spectroscopy-based methods for remote measurement of atmospheric species, in addition to airborne (e.g., balloon) instruments or high-altitude weather measurement stations. Several 메이저카지노사이트-based systems for different species have been developed and optimized by Thomas Trickl and Hannes Vogelmann of KIT. At UFS, both a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and a high-power Raman lidar were set upfor water-vapor measurements.
DIAL is a 메이저카지노사이트-based method that compares backscatter intensity at two closely spaced wavelengths, which here are either on- or off-resonance for a single near infrared (817 nm) H2O absorption line. The system is based on a narrow-band Ti:sapphire 메이저카지노사이트 system with a pulse energy up to 250 mJ and a Newtonian telescope with 0.65 m diameter [1]. Due to these specifications, the maximum range of their DIAL system is about 12 km.
In order to reach higher altitudes absorption of the 메이저카지노사이트 radiation in the troposphere must be minimized. This is the case for Raman lidar systems based on Stokes-shifted Raman backscattering . Raman scattering intensity has a strongly non-linear inverse dependence on wavelength (1/λ4), so to maximize detection range, an ultraviolet 메이저카지노사이트 is preferred, with high pulse energy. The narrow Q rotational branch of the ro-vibrational Raman water vapor spectrum is used, which is fully selected by a 0.75 nm interference filter in the detection system. Any 메이저카지노사이트 source must deliver stable single-line output to enable efficient signal discrimination. And since the Raman signal depends on polarization, a linearly polarized beam is optimum to deliver quantitative remote data.
For these reasons, the usual choice of 메이저카지노사이트 is the frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd:YAG 메이저카지노사이트 with output at 355 nm and pulse durations of a few nanoseconds. These 메이저카지노사이트s are commercially available with average ultraviolet powers of about 18 W. This delivers a typical maximum range of roughly 20 kilometers, but, because of the very low sensitivity of Raman scattering, requires signal averaging up to a full night of observation, limiting its utility and temporal resolution.
Figure 2:Dr. Trickl (KIT), Dr. Emmerichs (Coherent), Dipl.B. Wallenta (Coherent), Dr. Vogelmann (KIT) – Project meeting at UFS on the Zugspitze mountain. UV-Coherent-메이저카지노사이트-System successfully works there for climate research. Photo credit: Coherent
To overcome this limitation, Trickl and Vogelmann looked for an much more powerful ultraviolet 메이저카지노사이트 source. Excimer 메이저카지노사이트s produce the highest pulse energies and highest power of any ultraviolet 메이저카지노사이트. Industrial xenon chloride (308 nm) 메이저카지노사이트s yield the highest powers and are optimized for precision materials tasks in the display and electronics industries, including silicon backplane annealing and 메이저카지노사이트 lift-off (LLO). They feature excellent pulse to pulse energy and beam stability. However, stringent control of the output wavelength and linewidth is not needed for materials processing.
The Zugspitze group acquired an industrial excimer from Coherent* with pulse energies up to 1 Joule at repetition rates up to 350 Hz. They then modified this 메이저카지노사이트 to provide the narrow linewidth required for the lidar. Trickl explains, “We first customized the 메이저카지노사이트 to obtain linearly polarized single-line output pulses with reduced divergence. Specifically, we extended the cavity to insert a thin-film polarizer and a tilt-tuned intra-cavity etalon; this etalon allows us to reduce the 메이저카지노사이트 bandwidth to 0.036 nm. We currently achieve an average power of 180 W, but expect to reach a much higher power by introducing lower-loss intra-cavity optics and shorten the cavity in order to enhance the number of round trips. In addition, we use a mirror with a diameter of 1.5 m (Fig. 2) to collected the radiation backscattered by the atmospheric water vapor, so our system provides a S/N increase of about 40X compared with 355 nm instruments used elsewhere.”
The specifications of the lid메이저카지노사이트 메이저카지노사이트e met with incredible seven decades of signal dynamic range for water vapor (nine for temperature) — implying a photon background of 0 to 3 counts per vertical bin (50 ns or 7.5 m) and hour. In a single hour, Trick l and Vogelmann can now measure water vapor to 20 km altitude with a vertical resolution reaching 400 meters at the highest altitudes (Fig. 3).
As a by-product, the system yields temperature measurements to almost 90 km altitude (Fig. 4). The temperature is derived in a stand메이저카지노사이트d procedure from the atmospheric density that governs the backscatter signals.
Figure 3
"We extended the cavity to insert a thin-film pol메이저카지노사이트izer and a tilt-tuned intra-cavity etalon."
Figure 4
References:
[1] H. Vogelmann and T. Trickl, Wide-range sounding of free-tro pospheric water vapor with a differential-absorption lid메이저카지노사이트 (DIA L) at a high-altitude station,
Appl. Opt. 47 (2008), 2116-2132
[2] L. Klanner, K. Höveler, D. Khordakova, M. Perfahl, C. Rolf, T. Trickl, and H. Vogelmann, A powerful lid메이저카지노사이트 system capable o f one-hour measurements of
water vapour in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere as w ell as the temperature in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere , Atmos. Meas. Tech.
14 (2021), 531-555
Special thanks to our reference customer: KIT: Dr. Vogel메이저카지노사이트n,꽁 머니 카지노 Email Protectionand Dr. Trickl