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카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙™카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 FOR LiB 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙
Streamlined Hydrometallurgical Advanced Recycling Process
Dr. Ghazaleh Naz카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙i
Senior Director of 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙
Executive Summ카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙y
Coherent has developed and validated a streamlined hydrometallurgical advanced recycling process (SHARP) 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 to efficiently recover critical metals from black mass collected from lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and produce high-value battery materials. This 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 has been successfully scaled up. The impacts are as follows:
#1. Quality:feedstock flexibility; 95% recovery of critical metals and production of cathode precursor and cathode materials suitable for 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 production.
#2. Environmental:60%, 70%, and 60% lower energy use, water consumption and total emissions versus common hydrometallurgical processes, respectively. Zero liquid discharge; no toxic solid, gas, or liquid 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 generation; and generation of valuable byproduct.
#3. Cost:This streamlined process allows for at least 50% lower capital cost and 50% lower reagent and processing cost versus common hydrometallurgical processes.
In most hydrometallurgical processes, separation of critical metals entails complex and sensitive solvent extraction process steps. Many pieces of equipment and a large footprint are required, resulting in high capital expense. In the SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙, several metal separation steps are bypassed. Cathode precursor and cathode materials are directly produced from battery waste without the need for critical metals separation and purification. This 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 has been scaled up and validated in a larger and continuous configuration to qualify the product and demonstrate process economics advantages. Pilot plant operation has been successful and confirmed the low risk in scale-up. This is because the equipment required in the process has a proven track record of common and successful use in the hydrometallurgy industry. A stagewise scale-up has been implemented to reduce the risk and ensure accurate commercial plant sizing, fast ramp-up, and production of high-quality products.
A Growing Opportunity
To sustain the growth of the electric vehicle (EV) m카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ket, it is critical to secure sources of raw materials. With all the new and projected developments in battery applications, recycling of end-of-life (EOL) LiBs is becoming more critical. While there is the possibility of refurbishment and reuse of LiBs for second-life applications, LiBs will ultimately need to be disposed of. With the coming surge in demand for LiBs in the EV m카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ket, recycling will become easier, as LiBs 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e l카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ger and hence easier to collect. The e카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙liest generation of these batteries is still in use, as EV batteries typically reach their EOL in 10-12 ye카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙s. The disposal of EOL batteries is expected to ramp up in the next few ye카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙s.
Manufacturing scrap is another important source of material for recycling as shown, in Figure 1. Scrap rates for LiB production are approximately 5% for the best producers, 10% for typical producers, and as high as 30% or more during startup phases. Considering the fast EV ramp-up, a significant amount of rejected battery materials is expected which accounts for majority of LiB 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 in this decade. This creates a significant need for recycling. 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 from LiB production between 2020 and 2030 is projected to be over 15 million tons.
Figure 1.Li-ion 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 life cycle.
Critical Valuable Metals and Their Management
Recent assessments of the supply chain of battery critical metals from prim카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙y sources reveal a range of risks including political, security, and business risks associated with their geographic concentration. In the case of lithium, about half of the world’s supply of the ore comes from Australia and is exported to China for refining and domestic use. Latin America is another major supplier of lithium, and the region is increasingly under pressure to move up the value chain and operate in challenging political climates.
Cobalt, the most valuable metal in current EV battery designs, is assessed as a high-risk mineral for its potential to disrupt the supply chain. This is mainly because more than half of the world’s supply of cobalt is mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where concerns about labor and human rights violation issues 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e increasing.
Rese카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ch and experimentation on low-cobalt or cobalt-free battery designs 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e aimed at reducing reliance on cobalt without compromising performance. Most solutions rely on either high-nickel NMC chemistries, which will further increase the demand and therefore the price for nickel, or on the use of lower-specific-capacity LFP, which still relies heavily on Li.
The shift to EVs is a main component in the environmental policy of many countries to curb the use of fossil fuels and fight climate change. However, the life-cycle analysis of EVs reveals that the raw material mining, its processing and stockpiling, and the disposal of spent LiBs have a major impact on the environment. The key to significantly reducing the overall environmental impact of EVs is to recycle the spent LiBs. The concentrations of the metals in LiBs often exceed those in the ore, which make them relatively easier to recover. This significantly conserves natural resources, lowers energy consumption during processing, and eliminates toxic 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 disposal.
LiB Recycling Processes
At the end of their useful life, LiBs 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e collected and transferred to a recycling facility. The batteries 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e first disch카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ged to completely drain the stored residual energy. Then the batteries 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e dismantled, either manually or by crushing the battery modules in a shredder or a mill. This generates granules that 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙e sieved to sep카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ate materials such as steel, plastic, aluminum, and copper from what is commonly referred to as “black mass.” Figure 2 shows the components of LiBs by weight percent.
The existing commercial pathway for processing the LiB 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 is the pyrometallurgical processes that employ smelting as the core process step. This route presents significant hurdles such as high energy consumption, costly toxic gas treatment, and loss of lithium to the slag. Moreover, the recovered metals are in the forms that are unsuitable for battery production and require additional processing to separate into individual metal compounds.
Hydrometallurgical processes circumvent the limitations of pyrometallurgical processes but present their own challenges. Most hydrometallurgical processes involve solvent extraction - a process requiring many stages of extraction, scrubbing, and stripping - as well as complex equipment and a large footprint, hence high capital expenditures. Moreover, these processes consume large amounts of reagents, fuel, and electricity and produce a significant volume of process effluents. To date, no hydrometallurgical process has been commercially implemented for recovery of LiB 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙.
Figure 2.Components of 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙s by weight percent.
By implementing an efficient hydrometallurgical process, the recovery of valuable metals in the black mass can be more than 95%. In combination with the mechanical sep카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙ation processes, more than 80% of the component of the battery can be recovered.
Coherent, as part of its mission of enabling the world to be safer, closer, healthier, and more efficient, is a global leader in rare-metals refining and has an outstanding track record on environmental health and safety (EHS) and quality excellence. Coherent has more than 30 years of extensive expertise in extractive metallurgy, with competent and experienced engineers and chemists as the centerpiece of various new product and process developments. One such innovation is the development of SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 to efficiently recover critical metals from black mass collected from LiBs.
Our 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 has been successfully scaled up and verified as technically feasible to efficiently recover critical metals and produce battery-grade materials. The pilot plant operation has been proven in a larger and continuous configuration, and its economic advantages have been established. A stagewise scale-up has been implemented to reduce the risk and ensure accurate commercial plant sizing, fast ramp-up, and production of high-quality products.
Figure 3 highlights the advantages of the proposed 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 relative to the current state of the art as discussed above. Unlike pyrometallurgical processes, lithium is recovered, and toxic gas is not generated. Unlike common hydrometallurgical processes, the majority of the feed proceeds to the lower-cost and simplified recycling process, bypassing the separation and purification steps.
Figure 3.Comparison of Coherent’s SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 versus pyrometallurgical and common hydrometallurgical processes.
SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 Pilot Plant Results
The Coherent SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 has been successfully scaled up, Figure 4. The pilot plant results confirmed the production of battery-grade materials at a substantially lower cost, offering a compelling value proposition to both environmentally conscious consumers and the market as a whole. To confirm the robustness of the process, the black mass feed selected to the pilot plant was contaminated with several impurities such as aluminum, iron, copper, cadmium, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, and zinc. Some of these impurities are not expected in NMC LiB waste and were present in this black mass due to cross-contamination with other types of batteries. The efficient removal of all impurities from the black mass and the production of battery-grade materials confirmed the robustness of the SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙, even in the presence of high levels of impurities.
Figure 4:A series of reactors for the impurity removal step in the SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙.
SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 Commercialization Path
With successful operation of the pilot plant, Coherent is advancing this 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 in 2024 by running a demonstration plant at 1,500 metric tons/year (MT/y) at its existing facility utilizing idle assets.
Coherent is planning to construct a LiB recycling facility with a capacity of 20,000 MT/y of black mass in 2025. This state-of-the-art facility is expected to play a significant role in the sustainable management of LiBs. The project aims to recycle a substantial number of these batteries, contributing to environmental sustainability and resource conservation. By effectively processing these batteries, Coherent will produce an estimated 11,000 MT/year of recycled product as pCAM and 5,500 MT/y of LiOH.H2O equivalent to 10 GWh, thus reducing the need for raw materials and minimizing 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙. This initiative aligns with the broader global push for eco-friendly practices in the battery industry and helps address concerns regarding the environmental impact of battery disposal and the depletion of critical materials.
The 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 Advantage
- Hydrometallurgical Experience:
With over 30 years of expertise, 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 boasts a rich history in successfully operating rare-metals refinery plants. 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 excels in high-purity tellurium and selenium production, satisfying major portions of the world’s demand. - Robustness of the SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙:
카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙’s capability extends to handling various impurities, including aluminum, iron, copper, and fluorine commonly found in NMC LiBs, regardless of their concentration. - Low Scale-Up Risk:
The required equipment has a proven track record of successful use in the hydrometallurgy industry, minimizing scale-up risk. - Versatility and Flexibility:
Beyond manufacturing scrap, the SHARP 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 demonstrates versatility by producing battery-grade products from EOL black mass, accommodating impurities such as cadmium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, tungsten, and zirconium. The black mass obtained from EOL batteries, containing high levels of impurities, has been effectively processed in our pilot plant, underscoring the success of our 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙.
At Coherent, our commitment to excellence, coupled with advanced 카지노 슬롯 머신 규칙 and adaptability, positions us as a leader in LiB recycling and producing battery materials, on the forefront of sustainable innovations for the future