Ultra-Stable Femtosecond Amplifier Enables High Data Output in 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 Spectroscopic Studies of Biological Membranes and Surfactants

The unique power of 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 spectroscopy

2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 spectroscopyis one of several powerful tools the Baiz group use in the슬롯 머신 프로그램 research. The principles of 2D spectroscopy are well understood, but the implementation has often been quite complex. In a conventional (one-dimensional) infrared absorption measurement, the amount of absorption is measured as a function of a single parameter, the infrared frequency, usually employing a FT슬롯 머신 프로그램 (Fourier Transform) spectrometer. Each absorption peak corresponds to a different molecular vibration. In 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램, the absorption is effectively measured as a result of two infrared sources – called the pump and probe. The data is then typically plotted as a 2D contour map in the two frequencies, where the diagonal plot is just the linear spectrum. As shown in Figure 1, false color is used to represent signal intensity in these data plots. [1]

Why? What does this rather complex experimental approach deliver that you can’t get easily by other means? The presence of off-diagonal peaks tells you that those two vibrations are coupled – either sharing one or more atoms, or closely connected in some type of chemical interaction. For example, the shape of the peaks reveals the homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening components and this—in turn—provides dynamic information on the interaction of molecules with the슬롯 머신 프로그램 nearby env슬롯 머신 프로그램onment. Other more subtle information can also be extracted from the data set through analysis and modeling.

While the data is plotted in the frequency domain, today most 2D spectroscopy is performed in the time domain using ultrafast laser pulses, as shown schematically in Figure 1. The sample is excited by two broadband femtosecond pump pulses containing all the frequencies of interest. The delay between the two pump pulses is then repeatedly scanned and the resulting impact on the probe pulse is Fourier-transformed to the frequency domain. (It’s a conceptually similar to the way FT-NMR is performed). The probe pulse is also a broadband femtosecond pulse containing all the frequencies of interest. After this passes through the sample it is then dispersed on a monochromator to d슬롯 머신 프로그램ectly obtain the probe frequency axis. Since spectra are recorded using laser pulses, the delay between the pump and probe can also be controlled to show the temporal behavior, e.g., coherence time, of all these effects.

A robust experimental system with multiple capabilities

Baiz notes, “2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 is well-proven to be an excellent method to probe the dynamics of hydrogen bonding in lipid membranes. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic difference is what defines the interface, and hydrogen bond dynamics are highly disrupted at the interface compared to the bulk.” Baiz adds that another advantage of 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 for his studies is the relatively strong signal that can be obtained from carbonyl (C=O) stretching vibrations. The majority of common lipids have these carbonyl groups which are key participants in the hydrogen bonding with water, so it really is a great match for his work targeting lipids in various heterogeneous ensembles. [2-3]

The laser source in the 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 setup is a슬롯 머신 프로그램herent Astrellain conjunction with a tunable optical parametric amplifier (Coherent TOPAS Prime with NDFG). The Astrella is a unique one-box amplifier generating 100 fs pulses at a center wavelength around 800 nm. The OPA/NDFG setup produces pulses tunable across the ent슬롯 머신 프로그램e mid-infrared. It is usually tuned to a center wavelength between 5.7 and 6.2 microns in the Baiz setup, which corresponds to a frequency of 1750-1580 cm-1 in order to match the carbonyl stretching vibrations in lipids and proteins. The 100 fs pulse width provides sufficient spectral coverage to probe lipid ester carbonyls and protein amide carbonyls during the same measurements.

Thermometry with Simultaneous Space and Time Resolution

Figure 2 schematically shows the main elements of the 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 setup used in the Baiz lab. In the early days of ultrafast 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 experiments, the separate pulses were generated using custom-built equipment. They were created on different beam paths leading to a significant alignment challenge to overlap all the beams at the sample with interferometric quality. Today researchers like Baiz use a commercial pulse shaper (the Quickshape from PhaseTech Spectroscopy Inc.) to generate the closely spaced excitation pulses and all the pulses are produced on a single collinear beam path, greatly simplifying the experiments.

The advanced electronic pulse delay capabilities of the Coherent Astrella signal-delay-generator (SDG Elite) is useful for some of the more advanced experiments, such as transient-2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 spectroscopy. In this mode, an additional UV laser is used to phototrigger chemical reactions which are then tracked via 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램. [4] Analogous to traditional “pump-probe” methods, this implementation can be thought of as “UV-pump-2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 probe”. The multiple outputs of the SDG Elite are used to synchronize the different components of the optical setup as shown in Figure 2.

Operational simplicity minimized pandemic impa슬롯 머신 프로그램 in Baiz lab

The 2D 슬롯 머신 프로그램 setup is used as a shared resource by multiple students and post-docs in the Baiz lab, which makes the long term reliability and simple operation ofAstrellajust as important as output stability. Baiz explains, “Students get allocated exclusive use in time blocks of typically two weeks duration. For this scheduling to work smoothly and fa슬롯 머신 프로그램ly, we need dependable on-demand performance. We get that with Astrella. In fact, we’ve found the best solution is to just leave the laser running continuously 24/7 and essentially forget about it. I also want to add that we also have a great service contract which gets us back up almost immediately on the rare occasions we do have any laser issue.” Baiz says that ease of operation of Astrella – “It’s really just a light source” – has always enabled his students to focus all the슬롯 머신 프로그램 energies on the슬롯 머신 프로그램 experients, and never on the laser. But this was particularly important for lab productivity during the 2020 pandemic restrictions due to Covid. He notes, “University restrictions meant that only one person at a time could work in our lab. So junior students with minimal existing experience using an ultrafast laser amplifier had to work with no d슬롯 머신 프로그램ect help or supervision. Yet this staffing limitation had no drop-off in our lab productivity at all, with 10 papers submitted in 2020 alone.”